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Blocks are clearly set apart from control statements. The alignment of the braces with the block emphasizes that the full block is conceptually, and programmatically, one compound statement.

Indenting the braces emphasizes that they are subordinate to the control statement. The ending brace no longer lines up with the statement, but instead with the opening brace.

Like the Allman and Whitesmiths styles, GNU style puts braces on a line by themselves, indented by two spaces, except when opening a function definition, where they are not indented.

Popularised by Richard Stallman , the layout may be influenced by his background of writing Lisp code. This style combines the advantages of Allman and Whitesmiths , thereby removing the possible Whitesmiths disadvantage of braces not standing out from the block.

One disadvantage is that the ending brace no longer lines up with the statement it conceptually belongs to. In both cases, automatic reformatting destroys the original spacing, but automatic line indenting will work properly.

Steve McConnell , in his book Code Complete , advises against using this style: he marks a code sample which uses it with a "Coding Horror" icon, symbolizing especially dangerous code, and states that it impedes readability.

Horstmann adapts Allman by placing the first statement of a block on the same line as the opening brace. However, the edition now uses Allman style throughout.

This is the style used most commonly in the language Pico by its designers. Pico lacks return statements, and uses semicolons as statement separators instead of terminators.

It yields this syntax: [30]. In the book Programmers at Work , [31] C. Wayne Ratliff discussed using the style below. The style begins much like 1TBS but then the closing brace lines up with the indentation of the nested block.

He indicated that it was originally documented in material from Digital Research Inc. This style has sometimes been termed banner style, [32] possibly for the resemblance to a banner hanging from a pole.

Kernighan and Plauger use this style in the Ratfor code in Software Tools. A programmer may even go as far as to insert closing braces in the last line of a block.

This style makes indentation the only way to distinguish blocks of code, but has the advantage of containing no uninformative lines. This could easily be called the Lisp style because this style is very common in Lisp code or the Python style Python has no braces, but the layout is very similar, as shown in the code blocks below.

In Python, layout is a part of the language, called the off-side rule. Haskell layout can make the placement of braces optional, although braces and semicolons are allowed in the language.

In Haskell, layout can replace braces. Usually the braces and semicolons are omitted for procedural do sections and the program text in general, but the style is commonly used for lists, records and other syntactic elements made up of some pair of parentheses or braces, which are separated with commas or semicolons.

In some situations, there is a risk of losing track of block boundaries. This is often seen in large sections of code containing many compound statements nested to many levels of indentations.

By the time the programmer scrolls to the bottom of a huge set of nested statements, they may have lost track of which control statements go where.

However, overly-long code could have other causes, such as being too complex , and a programmer facing this problem might instead consider whether code refactoring would help in the longer term.

To avoid losing track of control statements such as for , a large indentation can be used, such as an 8-unit-wide hard tab, along with breaking up large functions into smaller and more readable functions.

The cursor then jumps to the opposing brace. Since the text cursor's next key viz. Another solution is implemented in a folding editor , which can hide or reveal blocks of code via their indentation level or compound-statement structure.

Many editors will also highlight matching brackets or braces when the cursor is positioned next to one.

A statement mistakenly inserted between the control statement and the opening brace of the loop block turns the body of the loop into a single trip.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Indent style. Main article: GNU coding standards. Retrieved 6 June Retrieved 9 July Communications of the ACM.

Retrieved 3 August Retrieved 18 August Checking C programs with Lint. California: O'Reilly and Assosciates. Retrieved 8 November Sun Microsystems.

Archived from the original PDF on 28 February Retrieved 30 May Following extraction, the product can be purified by flash chromatography.

Silyl triflate is more reactive and also converts ketones to silyl enol ethers. Reaction with acids or fluorides such as tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride removes the silyl group when protection is no longer needed.

Larger substituents increase resistance to hydrolysis , but also make introduction of the silyl group more difficult. It is possible to monosilylate a symmetrical diol, although this is known to be problematic occasionally.

For example, the following monosilylation was reported: [4]. However, it turns out that this reaction is hard to repeat. If the reaction were controlled solely by thermodynamics then, statistically, if the dianion is of similar reactivity to the monoanion, then a corresponding statistical mixture of disilylated:monosilylated:unsilylated diol will result.

However, the reaction in THF is made selective by two factors, kinetic deprotonation of the first anion AND the insolubility of the monoanion.

At the initial addition of TBSCl, there is only a minor amount of monoanion in solution with the rest being in suspension. This small portion reacts and shifts the equilibrium of the monoanion to draw more into solution, thereby allowing for high yields of the mono-TBS compound to be obtained.

Superior results in some cases may be obtained with butyllithium : [5]. Selective deprotection of silyl groups is possible in many instances.

For example, in the synthesis of taxol : [7]. Silyl ethers are mainly differentiated on the basis of sterics or electronics.

Trimethylsilyl ethers are too susceptible to solvolysis for them to have any utility as protecting groups. The tert -butyldimethylsilyloxy group is ca.

When the commercially available tert -butyldimethylsilyl chloride TBDMS-Cl was initially used as a silylation agent, it was found by E.

Corey J. Even forcing silylation techniques excess silyl chloride, dry pyridine, elevated temperatures were not successful. The use of 2. Corey assumed, that the reaction proceeds via N -tert-butyldimethylsilylimidazole as a very reactive silylating agent:.

However, newer research by P. Patschinski and H. Zipse shows, that the reaction is indeed catalyzed by DMF J. Another key discovery by E.

Nucleophilic attack of the small fluoride anion leads to a pentavalent silicon centre which is permitted due to hybridisation with the vacant d-orbitals of silicon.

In addition, the formation of the strong Si-F bond is the driving force for a fast cleavage:. Reactions of alcohols with silyl chlorides in the presence of N -methylimidazole were significantly accelerated by addition of iodine.

A general and high yielding method for efficient silylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols was developed.

Bartoszewicz, M. Kalek, J. Nilsson, R. Hiresova, J. Stawinski, Synlett , , A commercially available proazaphosphatrane is an efficient and mild catalyst for the silylation of a wide variety of alcohols and phenols, including acid-sensitive, base-sensitive, and hindered substrates, using tert -butyldimethylsilyl chloride TBDMSCl.

Although representative primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, and phenols were silylated using the more sterically hindered reagent tert -butyldiphenylsilyl chloride TBDPSCl , tertiary alcohols were recovered unchanged.

D'Sa, D. McLeod, J. Verkade, J. Tris pentafluorophenyl borane, B C 6 F 5 3 , is an effective catalyst for a mild and efficient dehydrogenative silation of alcohols using a variety of silanes.

Generally, the reactions are clean and high yielding, with dihydrogen as the only byproduct. Blackwell, K. Foster, V. Beck, W. Piers, J. Porto, M.

Vasconcellos, E. Ventura, F. Coelho, Synthesis , , Hf OTf 4 exhibits exceptionally high potency in desilylations.

A chemoselective cleavage of different silyl ethers or removal of TBS in the presence of most hydroxyl protecting groups was also accomplished.

Zheng, R. Kong, H. Huang, J.

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